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Let A, B, C, and D be positive numbers. Then Lehman’s inequality says

frac{(A+B)(C+D)}{A+B+C+D} geq frac{AC}{A+C} + frac{BD}{B+D}

Proof by circuit

This inequality can be proved analytically, but Lehman’s proof is interesting because he uses electrical circuits [1].

Let A, B, C, and D be the resistances of resistors arranges as in the circuit on the left.

Resistors R1 and R2 in series have a combined resistance of

R = R_1 + R_2

and the same resistors in parallel have a combined resistance of

R = frac{R_1 R_2}{R_1 + R_2}

This means the circuit on the left has combined resistance

frac{(A+B)(C+D)}{A+B+C+D}

The resistance of the circuit on the right is

frac{AC}{A+C} + frac{BD}{B+D}

Adding a short cannot increase resistance, so the resistance of the circuit on the right must be the same or lower than the resistance of the one on the left. Therefore

frac{(A+B)(C+D)}{A+B+C+D} geq frac{AC}{A+C} + frac{BD}{B+D}

Drawing circuits in LaTeX

I drew the circuits above using the circuitikz package in LaTeX. Here’s the code to draw the circuit on the left.

    documentclass{article}
    
    usepackage{tikz}
    usepackage{circuitikz}
    
    begin{document}
    
    begin{figure}[h!]
      begin{center}
        begin{circuitikz}
          draw (0,0)
          to[R=$B$] (0,2) 
          to[R=$A$] (0,4)
          to[short] (2,4) 
          to[R=$C$] (2,2)
          to[R=$D$] (2,0)
          to[short] (0,0);
          draw (1,4)
          to[short] (1, 5);
          draw (1, 0)
          to[short] (1, -1);
          %draw (0, 2)
          %to[short] (2, 2);
        end{circuitikz}
      end{center}
    end{figure}
    
    end{document}

The code to draw the second circuit removes the %’s commenting out the code that draws the short between the two parallel arms of the circuit.

[1] Alfred Lehman proves a more general result using circuits in SIAM Review, Vol. 4, No. 2 (April 1962) pp. 150–151. Fazlollah Reza gives a purely mathematical proof on pages 151 and 152 of the same journal.

The post Lehman’s inequality, circuits, and LaTeX first appeared on John D. Cook.

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